IDENTIFICATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN LEAVES OF NATURAL MATERIALS Melur
( Brucea javanica (L.) Mess)
BY: 66986/2005 Susi Annaria
Chemical Education - Padang State University
Plant jessamine (Brucea javanica (L.) Mess) is widely spread throughout Indonesia, therefore has many local names, such as curd - buttermilk, tambursipago, tamban jail jessamine (Sumatra), drums pencang, kipades, trawalot (Java), Tambara Marica, Marica amber (Sulawesi) and nagas (Maluku) (Department of Health, 1985)
Description :
shrub height, upright, very bitter, 1-2.5 m high. Odd pinnate leaf arrangement; leaflets 5-13, mostly dealing, child elongated oval shaped leaves lanceolate, pointed tip, serrated edge beringgit, base rounded or pointed, hairless from 5.5 to 17.5 cm 2 to 7.5 times. Flowers 1 or 2, in the order of 2-30 cm long narrow panicles. Jewelry flower petals form; segment is very small petals, obovate oval shape, 0.75-1 mm. The crown has 5 petals, elongated shape, blunt, sparse hair, along the edge of the glandular, green purple. Stamens as many as petals, anthers not present in female flowers.Rudimentary pistil in male flowers, bertaju 4, in 2 pairs flowers or female flowers and stalks pistil ovary 4, loose, thickening bulge obvious interest basis. Stone fruit elongated round, 8mm long. Flowering time from January to December. These plants can live in areas with an altitude of 0.5 to 550 m above sea level. Approximately found 6 plants that grow in Africa. In Indonesia, many grown in Java and Madura, which is usually found in thickets, on the banks of the river, teak forest, young secondary forest, and as a hedge plant.
Habitat:
Usually found in thickets, on the banks of the river, teak forest, young secondary forest, and as a hedge plant. These plants can live in areas with an altitude of 0.5 to 550 m above sea level. nature and efficacy of its feels bitter cold, poisonous (toxic), enter the large intestine meridian. Efficacy macassar fruit can clening of heat and toxins, stop bleeding (hemostatic), kills parasites, and antimalarial antisendi. part used part used is the fruit. Once the fruit is collected, the hard part is disposed to take it. In addition to fruit, leaves and roots are also efficacious sebagaiobatIndications Fruits are used for the treatment of: • Malaria • Amoeba dysentery, chronic diarrhea due to infection Trichomonas sp., whitish •Hemorrhoids • Worms • papilloma in the larynx, stomach, rectum, lung, cervix and skin roots are used for treatment • Malaria • toxicity Food • Fever Leaves used to treat Pain
•How to Use For drugs
taken, 1.5-2 g milled macassar fruit contents (approximately 10-15 seeds) until smooth , and enter into the capsule. This herb is taken after meals.Do it 2-3 times a day.
External use is used to cure warts and eyelets on foot. The use of this herb should be careful to not hit the surrounding normal skin. The leaves are finely ground macassar fruit can be used to compress the swollen body parts, due to hit or hit (bruise) hard object. Besides being able to cure the disease, this herb can be used to repel grasshoppers.
Example Usage Dysentery Amoeba Milled 10-15 makassar fruit until smooth, then put in a capsule. Drink this mixture once after eating. Do it 3 times a day for 7-10 days.
Dysentery,
Urine, bloody stools due to the heat rollers 25 pieces of macassar until smooth (makzimal 50 pieces), and enter into the capsule. Drink this mixture once with rock sugar water solution. Malaria Take macassar fruit contents of approximately 10 pieces, then milled until smooth. Put it in a capsule, and drink as well. Do it 3 times a day for 3 days.
Furthermore, the dose was reduced by half and drink within 5 days. Washing fruit macassar 15-20 g roots, then cut into pieces as needed. Boil three cups of water until the remaining one cup.Once cool, strain and drink the water filter is ready to drink. Do it twice a day, each 1/2 cup.
Hemorrhoids Milled
7 macassar fruit until smooth. Put it in capsules, drink once.
Whitish
Enter makasar 20 pieces in a pot or pan soil email. Add 400 cc airbersih, then boil until the remaining 100 cc. After a cold this herb can be used to wash the hole intercourse (vaginal).
The trick was to use the cooking water spray atomizer (sprayer). Herb used for each time usage of 20-40 cc. If keputihanya light, spraying is done only once. But if Terpenoids ya weight, need to be repeated for 2-3 days.
Note
Do not use excessive doses. If drunk, macassar fruit can stimulate the digestive tract danmenimbulkan symptoms of poisoning. This is caused by the substance contained therein kosamine glycosides. In small doses, fruit macassar efficacious as a laxative, expedite expenditure of bile into the intestine (kolagoga), prevents blood clotting and eradicate intestinal worms, whereas in large doses can cause acute poisoning. The signs shown by the slow process of breathing, limb paralysis, vomiting, diarrhea and coma that can eventually lead to death. If poisoning occurs can lead to chronic liver and kidney damage. Pregnant women and children are not allowed to drink fruit macassar medicinal herbs. In addition, the fruit macassar contraindicated in patients with gastrointestinal bleeding, gastritis, liver disease and severe kidney disease. Abroad, this medicine has been made in the form of capsules, liquid medicines and injectable drugs. This herb can digunakanuntuk treat cancer. The treatment is done by drinking a liquid emulsion, using injection or using liquid emulsion dissolved into the liquid infusion. In cervical and breast cancer, are usually given a local injection, whereas in gastrointestinal tumors and lung given intramuscular injection.
Fruits Macassar is a powerful antiseptic and amoebas, malaria-causing micro-organisms, parasites in the intestinal cavity and microorganisms that cause infections in hole intercourse (vaginal) Composition:Seeds of bitter substances, triterpenes, sterin, wax, phenolic compounds (tannic substances). Bitter substance contained in the seeds Brucea javanica L. Meer consists of bruseantin, bruseantinol, brusein A, B, C, D, dehidrobusein A, brusatol, yadanziolid, yadanziolid A, yadanziolid C, F yadanziolid, bitter compounds like cafeteria-6-on .
2.2 Secondary Metabolites
2.2.1 Alkaloids Alkaloids generally contain at least one nitrogen atom which fruit is alkaline and is part of a heterocyclic ring.Most alkaloids shaped crystalline solid with a melting point or have a certain range of decomposition. Alkaloids can also amorphous or liquid form. There have been thousands of alkaloid compounds found and with a variety of unique structure, ranging from the simplest to the most difficult. Alkaloids are nitrogen-heterocyclic compounds.One of the very first examples of alkaloids useful in the medical field are isolated morphine 1805. diterpenoid alkaloid isolated from the plant has antimicrobial properties. Solamargine, a glikoalkaloid of Solanum khasianum berry plants may be beneficial against HIV infection and intestinal infections associated with AIDS. In 1896, Meyer - Lexikon provide restrictions alkaloids as follows: "Alkaloids occurring characteristics in plants and is often known for its physiological activity. Alkaloids containing C, H, N and O atoms generally contain alkaloid compounds are found mainly in the roots, seeds, wood and leaves from growing - plants. Alkaloid compound can be viewed as the result of metabolism of plants or can be useful as a backup for the biosynthesis of proteins. The usefulness of the plant alkaloids are as protective of pests, amplifier grow - plants and regulating the hormones. Alkaloids are very important in the pharmaceutical industry because most of the alkaloid has a physiological effect. In general, alkaloids not found in gymnosperms, nails - ferns, mosses and low plants. division alkoloid:
a. Based on a different type of chromophore groups, such as indole alkaloids, isokuinolin or quinoline.
b. Based plant origin was first discovered, for example, tobacco alkaloids c. Based predominant type of bonding in these alkaloids.
Based on the literature, it is known that almost all of the alkaloids in nature and has the biological activity of certain physiological effects on living organisms. So it is not surprising that people from the beginning until now always look for drugs of various plant extracts. The function of alkaloids in the plant itself has so far not known for certain, some experts have revealed that alkaloids are expected as plant protection from pests and diseases, plant growth regulator, or as alkaline minerals to maintain ion balance.
Challenges in research in the field of alkaloids, the longer the interesting and complicated by the difficulty level. It is based on the phenomenon that the amount of alkaloids in plants are in a level that very few (less than 1%) but the alkaloid levels above 1% are also often found on the skin such as cinchona alkaloids containing 10-15% and the alkaloid content of Senecio riddelii with up to 18%. In addition to small levels, alkaloids should also be isolated from a complex mixture of compounds. The process of isolation, purification, characterization, and structure determination requires special knowledge and skills which would require a long time to depth.
2.2.2 Flavonoids
Flavonoids Group can be described as a series of compounds C6C3C6 means the carbon skeleton consisting of two groups C6 ( substituted benzene ring) connected by a three-carbon aliphatic chain. Flavonoids have distinctive characteristics that are very sharp odor, is largely a yellow pigment, soluble in water and organic solvents, easily decompose at high temperatures.
Group of flavonoid compounds can be described as a sequence of C6-C3-C6. That is, the framework consists of two groups karbonya C6 (substituted benzene ring) connected by a three-carbon aliphatic chain. Flavonoids are often srbagai glycosides. includes flavonoid pigment are the most general and present in plants worldwide ranging from fungus to angiosperms. In higher plants, flavonoids present in the flowers and vegetative parts. As interest flavonoid pigments play a role in bird and insect pollinators menerik interest. mixture of flavonoids are found in fruits such as berries, apples, garlic, red wine, tea, green grape, orange, lemon, cherry, green vegetables, algae blue and green and many others. Thus the role of flavonoids can inhibit the initiation phase of blood vessel narrowing or atherosclerosis. May ultimately reduce the risk of coronary heart disease and stroke. certain flavonoids are the active components tumbuha used traditionally to treat liver dysfunction, Silybum marianum silimirin of used to protect the liver cell membrane and inhibits prostaglandin synthesis, inhibition of reaction hidrogsilasi on mikosom.
Flavonoids in the diet may decrease platelet aggregation and reduce blood clotting. In the skin, flavonoids inhibit bleeding. Xanton and oligomeric flavonoids in foods has antihypertensive effect because it inhibits the angiotensin-converting enzyme.flavonoids have a number of uses. First, the plant, which is a plant regulator, regulator of photosynthesis, and antiviral antimiroba work. Secondly, the man, named as an antibiotic against cancer and kidney disease, inhibit bleeding. Third, to insects, namely as an attraction for pollinating insects. Fourth, other uses are as an insecticide active ingredient in the manufacture of edible sweet orange peel (Arda Dinata).
2.2.3 Steroids
Steroids are a class of lipids that have the characteristics of this type of structure unification of the carbon ring. Steroids do not contain fatty acids or glycerol, hence can not experience lathering. Steroids include four categories, namely cholesterol, hormones, adrenokortikoid, sex hormones, and bile acids.Cholesterol is found in all organisms and is the starting material for the formation of bile acids, steroid hormones, and vitamin D.
Although cholesterol is essential for living organisms, but it has implications for formation 'plek' on the walls of the arteries (a proese called arteosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries), may even lead to blockage.This phenomenon is particularly important in the vessels that supply blood to the heart. These clots cause heart damage, which in turn can lead to death from heart attack. basic steroid nucleus at the core of lanosterol and other tetrasiklik triterpenoids, but only the methyl groups attached to the ring system. side chain of eight - the carbon contained in the lanosterol is also found in many plant steroids having one or two additional carbon atoms. The name "sterols" specifically used for steroid alcohol, but because practically all the plants in the form of steroid alcohols with a hydroxyl group on C3, it is often called plant sterols.
2.2.4 Terpenoids
Terpenoids compounds are terpenoids isometric hydrocarbons were also present on the fat / essential oils (essential oils ), a type of fat that is essential for the body. Terpenoids substances help the body in the process of organic synthesis and recovery of body cells. The scent or odor of the plant caused by the essential oil fraction. The oil is rich in secondary metabolites, compounds with the structure of isoprene. They are called terpenes and are in the form of diterpene, triterpenes, tetraterpen, hemiterpen, and sesquiterpenes. When the compounds contain additional elements usually oxygen, they are called terpenoids. Examples of common terpenoids are methanol and camphor (monoterpenes), and famesol and artemisin (sesquiterpenoid).
Based on the number of carbon atoms, terpenoids grouped into monoterpenes (C = 10), sesquiterpenes (C = 15), diterpene (C = 20), triterpenes ( C = 30), tetraterpen (C = 40), and politerpen (C> 40). :
a. Monoterpenoid
monoterpenoid apparently formed from two isoprene units and usually have ten carbon atoms, although there are examples of compounds that apparently formed steps based on this general principle but the compound loses one or more carbon atoms.
b. Seskuiterpenoid
Seskuiterpenoid are C15 compounds, usually ascribed to three isoprene units. As there is a component seskuiterpenoid monoterpenoid essential oil steam distilled, and was instrumental in giving the fruit and floral aromas as we know it. In terms of physiology, one of the most important monocyclic seskuiterpenoid is abscisic acid, a hormone that counteracts the effects of gibberellins and inhibit the growth of buds.
c. Diterpenoid
C20 diterpenoid compounds which are officially considered (with some pengeculiaan) derived from four isoprenoid units. Due to the high boiling point, usually diterpenoid not found in the essential oils of plants although some low boiling diterpenoid possible.These compounds are found in amber, exudates such as gum, and the high-boiling fraction after distillation of essential oils. For example, rosin remaining after the distillation of pine terpene rich diterpenoid.
d. Triterpenoids
Because C25 sesterpenoid very rarely found in higher plants, although there are (80), there is a greatly increased complexity if we pay attention to the diterpenoid compounds ranging from C30 triterpenoids. Triterpenoid the most important and most widespread is the largest pentacyclic triterpenoids. These compounds are found in plants seprimitif but is most common in seed plants, free, and as glycosides.
2.2.5 Saponins
Saponins are a type glikosid which have the characteristics of skill frothy when shaken aqueous solution.Haemolytic saponins strong influence upon the red blood cells. There are two types of steroidal saponins iaitu (found in many plants monokotilidon) and triterpenoids (in plants dikotilidon). known two types of saponin; alcohol glycosides and triterpenoid glycosides that have the structure of a particular steroid spiroketal side chain. Both types of saponins is soluble in water and ethanol but insoluble in ether. Aglikon's, called sapogenin, obtained by hydrolysis in acid or enzyme hydrolysis wear, without the sugar solubility characteristics similar to the characteristics of other sterols.Based on these properties, saponin compounds have utility that is very broad, among others:
1. Pest exterminator shrimp.
2. As detergents in the textile industry.
3. The foam-forming fire extinguishers.
4. Foaming in shampoo.
5. In the pharmaceutical industry.
6. In photography.
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Execution time this research was conducted in the Laboratory of Chemical Science Faculty UNP on Friday, 23 November 2007. 3.2 Study Sample The sample used is the leaf jessamine (Brucea javanica (L.) Merr).
CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Results
TEST RESULTS
reagent Culvenor Alkaloids - FitzgeraldMayer (-) lymph Wagner (-) lymph Dragendorf (-) lymph Flavonoids Shinoda test / sianidin test (-) brown Steroids / Terpenoids Lieberman - Burchard (-) terpenoids (+) steroid blue Saponin Foam Test (-) no stable foam Table 4.1 4.2 Discussionidentification performed on leaf jessamine, among others:
a. Identification of Alkaloids
In this identification, leaf jessamine (sample) was weighed as much as 4 grams of fresh, finely chopped and crushed in a mortar with the aid of sand. Used sand to smooth fast sample, then the sample plus chloroform and crushed again to form a paste, then added 10 mL of ammonia - 0.05 N chloroform and samples crushed again.Then the mixture was filtered into a dry test tube, added 5 mL of 2N H2SO4 and shaken strongly. The solution was allowed to stand to form two layers, namely the top layer is a layer of sulfuric acid and the bottom layer is a layer of chloroform using a pipette. fed cotton in the end, sulfuric acid layer was taken and put into a small test tube. filtrate was divided into three separately to test with 3 reagents. The first test tube was tested with Mayer's reagent, looks filtrate remains clear; The second reaction tubes were tested with reagents Wagner also seen the filtrate remained clear, and the third test tube with reagent Dragendorf, looks filtrate of the same color that is clear. According to the theory, a positive test alkaloids of the third reagent is the formation of a white precipitate / cloudy for Mayer reagent, the formation of a brown precipitate Wagner for reagents and formation of deposits orange to Dragendorf reagent.
Based on the theory of the test is shown that the obtained negative, meaning the sample there is no presence of alkaloids.
b. Identification of Flavonoids
In this identification, jessamine leaves weighed as much as 0.5 grams, finely chopped and extracted with 5 mL of methanol and dipansakan for 5 minutes in a test tube, then extract plus 5 drops of concentrated hydrochloric acid and a little magnesium powder.Of identification by the obtained brown solution. Obtained a negative test means, because based on the theory of positive tests flavonoids is the color change to pink / red or yellow.
c. Identification of Steroids / Terpenoids
In this identification, 3 drops of chloroform layer was placed on the test plate alkaloids drops of acetic anhydride and allowed to dry, then add 3 drops of concentrated H2SO4. From tests carried blue solution was obtained which showed a positive test, because it is based on the theory of positive steroid test is the emergence of a blue color. From the results obtained, apparently made the wrong identification because it is not in accordance with the literature contained in the literature review (Chapter 2), namely jessamine leaf contains triterpenoids. Triterpenoids positive test is the emergence of red orange or purple. This error may be due to several possibilities, which is less scrupulous, less net equipment made and errors in the observed colors.
d. Identification of Saponins
In this identification, finely chopped dried sample, put in a test tube and added distilled water, then boiled for 2-3 minutes, cooled and shaken strong - strong. Tests showed that the sample does not contain saponins that indicated by the absence of a stable foam for 5 minutes.
5.1 Conclusion From the identification is done, the conclusion:
1.Jessamine leaf can be used as a drug because it contains secondary metabolites or better known as bioactive compounds.
2. Secondary metabolites found in nature jessamine leaves are triterpenoids, but from experiments jessamine leaves contain steroids as indicated by the onset of the color blue and the error is an error that may occur in using the tool, the less scrupulous in observing changes in the color and lack of concentration.
3. Identification is done is: Alkaloids: test negative for reactants mayer, wagner and dragendorf. Flavonoids: a negative test Steroids: positive test Terpenoids: negative test Saponins: negative test
5.2 Suggestions
1. So that readers can use the jessamine leaves as one of the medicinal plants
2. Provide information on how to identify secondary metabolites in leaves jessamine.
REFERENCES
Anwar, Chairil. 1996 Introduction to Practical Organic Chemistry.Ministry of Education and Culture: Yogyakarta. Dalimarta, S. 2000 Plant Atlas of Indonesia Jakarta Volume 2: Poster Agriwidya. Ministry of Health. 1985 Indonesian Medicinal Plants Volume 1 New York: McGraw. Fessenden, R and Fessenden, J. 1986 Organic Chemistry Third Edition Volume 2. Translation by Aloysius Hadyana Pudjaatmaka. New York: McGraw. Hart, Harold. 1990 Organic Chemistry. New York: McGraw. Kusuma, TS 1988 and Environmental Chemistry. Padang: UNAND Research Center. Suyanti, H. 1991 Chemical and Natural Resources. Padang: UNAND Research Center. Tarmizi, 2008 Making Peraksi Chemistry. UNP Press.ISBN 978-979-8587-46-7 Tarmizi, 2009 Lab Management. UNP Press. ISBN 978-979-8587-84-9 Organic Chemistry team. Organic Chemistry Practice Guidance 2 Padang: UNP. Trevon Robinson. 1991 The Organic Constituents of Higher Plants, Instead languages: Dr. Kosasih Padmawinata. London: ITB.
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